Lithium batteries that have not been subject to the UN38.3 testing requirements may be shipped by motor vehicle in accordance with 49 CFR 173.185(e) of the U.S. hazardous materials regulations (HMR). This provision in the HMR authorizes the transport of “prototype” lithium batteries for purposes of testing, and “low production” lithium batteries. “Low production” is defined as an “annual production runs consisting of not more than 100 lithium cells or batteries.” Shipments of prototype and low production lithium batteries are strictly prohibited for air transport unless the shipper secures an approval from the U.S. Department of Transportation. All prototype and low production lithium battery shipments must be shipped as “fully-regulated,” Class 9 hazardous materials. Employees who package and ship these batteries must be trained and tested in accordance with the HMR.